Table 15.6 shows the quantity demanded and supplied in the labor market for driving city buses in the town of Unionville, where all the bus drivers belong to a union.

1. What would the equilibrium wage and quantity be in this market if no union existed?
2. Assume that the union has enough negotiating power to raise the wage to $4 per hour higher than it would otherwise be. Is there now excess demand or excess supply of labor?

Do unions typically oppose new technology out of a fear that it will reduce the number of union jobs? Why or why not?

Compared with the share of workers in most other high-income countries, is the share of U.S. workers whose wages are determined by union bargaining higher or lower? Why or why not?

Are firms with a high percentage of union employees more likely to go bankrupt because of the higher wages that they pay? Why or why not?

Do countries with a higher percentage of unionized workers usually have less growth in productivity because of strikes and other disruptions caused by the unions? Why or why not?

In each of the following situations, explain how market forces might give a business an incentive to act in a less discriminatory fashion.

1. A local flower delivery business run by a bigoted white owner notices that many of its local customers are black.
2. An assembly line has traditionally only hired men, but it is having a hard time hiring sufficiently qualified workers.
3. A biased owner of a firm that provides home health-care services would like to pay lower wages to Hispanic workers than to other employees.

Does the earnings gap between the average wages of females and the average wages of males prove labor market discrimination? Why or why not?

If immigration is reduced, what is the impact on the wage for low-skilled labor? Explain.